Mom and Baby Articles

November 23, 2007

Infant Potty Training

by Laurie Boucke

Infant potty training is about a gentle, natural and loving method of communication and toilet learning. In most societies where Attachment Parenting has been practiced for centuries, this method of infant toileting is used. Because of this, I consider it to be another element of AP and refer to it as the sixth Baby B - after Dr. Sears' 5 Baby B's:

Breastfeeding (Sears)
Bonding (Sears)
Babywearing (Sears)
Bed-sharing (Sears)
Belief in Baby’s Cries (Sears)
Bladder/Bowel Communication & Learning (Boucke)

In many parts of Asia and Africa, mothers start pottying babies around 1-3 months old and finish before their babies walk. At that time, babies still need some assistance since they can't dress or walk. Mothers read and respond to their baby's signals - such as elimination body language, timing, patterns (in relation to feeding and waking) and vocalizations - and in this way, their babies stay clean and dry. Many mothers also rely on intuition. The reason this is possible is that there is a window of learning (sensitive period) open from birth until the age of 5-6 months.

On the medical front, recent European research has found that the current Western views on bladder and bowel control are flawed and that it is often better to start earlier than to delay. Unfortunately, the Western world has been indoctrinated to reject any form of early toilet learning. Even when our own parents or grandparents tell us that they had all of their children potty trained by 12-18 months, we assume they are mistaken. Our doubts stem from "medlore" - maturational readiness theories which are based on opinion and commercialism rather than scientific proof. By changing our attitude from skepticism to recognizing our babies' amazing abilities, we open new doors.

I refer to this method as "infant potty training" (IPT) or "infant pottying." Other terms include "elimination communication," "trickle treat" (the title of my first book on this topic, now out of print) and "natural infant hygiene."

A normal, healthy infant is aware of the bodily function of elimination and can learn to respond to it from infancy. By using diapers, we condition and thereby train baby to go in them. Later the child must unlearn this training. This can be confusing and a traumatic experience for the child.

An infant does his best to communicate his awareness to you, but if you don't listen, he will stop communicating and gradually lose touch with the elimination functions. He will be conditioned not to care and learn that you want him to use his diaper as a toilet.

One of the most common questions I'm asked is, "Is it too late to start if my baby is older than 5-6 months?" In one sense, it is never too late to start, but you will probably need to used a modified version of IPT for babies over 6 months. Many parents have started at 6, 9, even 12 months and have done okay by making some modifications. It is usually harder to start with a mobile baby who has been "trained" to go in a diaper or who wears disposables and does not associate the feeling of wetness with elimination. If this method resonates, if you feel it is right for you and your baby, and if your healthy baby takes to it, it is certainly worth an honest try! As long as there are no major upsets in your family life or health, you are likely to be open and receptive to your baby's elimination communication.

Another factor to consider is that there is not a fixed cutoff age at which babies lose their connection with the elimination functions. Each child is unique and develops in his own manner. There are parents who have learned about IPT or who have started other methods of toilet learning when their babies were 6-18 months, 2 years or even older, and who have been delighted to find that their little ones were ready, receptive and communicative about toileting at these ages. In short, the window of learning seems to remain open or accessible for some older babies. No matter what age your baby is when you first learn about IPT, I usually recommend that parents give this gentle and nurturing method a try for a few weeks, then assess whether you want to continue.

Tips for juggling a newborn and toddler

By Kelly Bonyata, BS, IBCLC

First off, per a wise friend of mine who is a mom of five:
Be creative, patient, and hold tight to your sense of humor!

What can I do to prepare my older child for a new baby?

Before baby is born, it can help to talk with your older child about what newborns are like - what they look like, that they mainly nurse and sleep and cry, and how they need to be held much of the time.
Tell stories about what your older child was like as a newborn and how you took care of him.
Discuss things that your older child can do to help with baby: talk and sing to baby, get diapers and wipes, get mom her water bottle.
Make opportunities for your children to see young babies and nursing babies (a La Leche League meeting can be a great place for this, especially if you don't know any nursing moms), and read books that show newborns and nursing babies.
If your child has weaned or was never breastfed: Explain that mom makes milk for baby, that nursing is how baby eats, and that nursing also helps baby feel better when he's sad or scared or feeling bad.
If your child is still nursing and you expect to tandem nurse: Talk to your child about how he and baby will both nurse after the baby is born. Point out that since baby can't eat other foods like your toddler can, he will need to nurse a lot. Look at pictures of tandem nursing siblings with your child. Here's more on tandem nursing.

Should breastfeeding be "hidden" from your older child or other children?

Absolutely not! Modeling nurturing behavior and breastfeeding to your children is one of the best things you can do for them.

By seeing you nurse, your child is learning that breastfeeding is the normal, healthy way to feed a child rather than a "shameful" thing that needs to be hidden away. Breastfeeding is not something that should be hidden from children (or anyone else).

Since most everyone in our culture equates babies with bottles, it's not unusual for other children to be curious when you are breastfeeding your baby. If other children are curious when you are breastfeeding, simply tell them that you are nursing the baby and that nursing is how we feed babies. Again, you are teaching them by example that breastfeeding is the way to feed and nurture babies.

General tips

Could you use a free hand when you're nursing? While you're nursing, a pillow can help bring baby to breast level so you have a hand or two free (sometimes it takes weeks or even months to get that free hand... keep trying). If you need to support your breast with your other hand, try using a small rolled-up towel.

A sling will also free up a hand or two. Are you comfortable with using a sling and nursing baby in it? In addition to nursing while you're lying down, this is another lifesaver for many moms. It frees at least one hand and allows you to keep nursing or holding your baby while tending to and playing with another child. Also, as someone I know once mentioned, when baby is in the sling your toddler can't be pulling baby's toes, or trying to get baby out of the crib, or trying to brush baby's "teeth", or dropping toys on baby.

It can be handy to have your toddler around, as many times you can ask them to fetch things for you (a diaper, a wipe, the remote, the phone, a water bottle). I don't know how many times I got settled on the couch with my first baby, then realized I was going to have to get up again to get something I forgot - the second time around I had a helper all day long, instead of only when Dad was home from work. She couldn't hold baby while I took a shower, but it sure did help with the little things.

Activities to do with your older child while baby is nursing

Read books and snuggle and talk with your toddler while you're nursing. If you don't have a free hand, get your toddler to hold a book and turn the pages while you read.
Play games - "I Spy" and "Simon Says" are often a big hit with toddlers.
Play with your food - try counting (and eating) cheerios or raisins with your toddler.
Some toddlers like to pretend-nurse their dolls or stuffed animals (or trucks!) while mom is nursing baby.
Look at your toddler's baby book or baby pictures. Tell stories about when your toddler was a little baby. Tell stories about what your toddler can do now that he/she is bigger.

You can also set your toddler up with other activities to do while you're nursing. Drawing, coloring, puzzles, blocks or big legos, cars/trains, etc. Some moms keep a box of toys that is out only when baby is nursing. We have a play kitchen that keeps my kids interested for a long time - they bring me food to eat and fix food for their dolls and stuffed animals and plastic dinosaurs, and have tea parties. Things like playdough and painting and water play can keep kids interested for a long time, but depending upon where you can set it up and your child, this may or may not be something that works when you're nursing.

If you need a nap and your toddler doesn't

Childproof a room of the house that has:

a door or a baby gate (so your toddler can't "escape" and play in the toilet while you're resting)
a bed or comfortable spot on the floor where you can lie down and nurse
interesting toys that your toddler is likely play with without much interaction - some moms also put on a favorite video
a snack and a drink for toddler

When you want to nap (or at least rest) while baby naps, close off the door so you can lie down with baby without worrying about what your toddler is getting into. A friend says she would lie on the floor with baby and let her toddlers use mom as a "road" for their matchbox cars - rest and a massage all "rolled" into one!

What if your older child asks to nurse?

It's pretty common for a toddler, or even an older child, to ask to nurse at some point after the new baby arrives. Many just want to know whether mom will say yes - they may also want to be held like a baby or "babied" in other ways. If given the opportunity to nurse, most children will simply touch or kiss the breast, giggle, and go play. Some moms prefer not to offer, but might offer breastmilk in a cup to taste, or simply distract the child with another activity. See What if a "weaned" child asks to nurse again? for more on the subject.

What should I know about giving my breastfed baby a pacifier?

By Kelly Bonyata, BS, IBCLC

When can I begin using a pacifier?

It is recommended that pacifiers and other types of artificial nipples be avoided for at least the first 3-4 weeks. I'd personally suggest that most breastfed babies - if they get a pacifier at all - would be better off without a pacifier until mom's milk supply is well established (6-8 weeks, usually) and the 6 week growth spurt is over. That way you've established a good milk supply and don't lose any much-needed breast stimulation to a pacifier.

What should I consider before using a pacifier?

After the early weeks, pacifier use is less likely to cause problems as long as you are aware of the following:

Never substitute a pacifier for a feeding at the breast or try to hold the baby off longer between feedings with one. (See Should baby be on a schedule?)
There are studies that indicate that babies who take a pacifier tend to wean earlier than those who do not. This is most likely because as a baby gets older - once he's established on solid food - it is often his desire to suck that ensures he continues to seek out the breast often. Babies who use pacifiers are getting that need to suck met with something other than the breast, and therefore may decide to give up breastfeeding sooner than if they did not take a pacifier.
Some babies who take pacifiers are more prone to oral yeast (thrush) which can be transferred to mom's nipples.
A number of studies have shown a link between pacifier use and an increased incidence of ear infections.
Pacifiers can result in choking or strangulation if the pacifier breaks or if it is tied around the neck (which it never should be). Follow all safety guidelines and keep an eye out for the many pacifier safety recalls. Also, keep in mind that latex allergy is becoming an increasing problem - consider using a silicone pacifier rather than latex.
Prolonged pacifier use can result in teeth misalignment, and can also occasionally lead to shaping of the soft palate or speech problems.
Giving baby a pacifier will increase mom's chances of ovulating and getting pregnant. Exclusive breastfeeding, depending upon your breastfeeding frequency and other factors, is a method of birth control that can be more than 98% effective during the first 6 months and 94% effective during the second six months. Ensuring that all of baby's sucking needs are met at the breast increases the effectiveness of this method of contraception.

When to avoid the pacifier

If you observe any of the following problems, it would be a good idea to discontinue pacifier use, at least until the problem is resolved:

Pacifier use reduces your baby's frequency or duration of feeds (newborns should be nursing at least 8 to 12 times a day).
Baby is having difficulties nursing well (this may be due to nipple confusion).
Baby is having problems with weight gain (in which case baby needs to nurse as often as possible).
Mom is having problems with sore nipples (baby may be causing this due to nipple confusion)
Mom is having milk supply problems (in which case she needs to put baby to breast, not pacifier, at every opportunity in order to increase milk supply).
Mom and/or baby have thrush, particularly if it's hard to get rid of or repeated.
Baby is having repeated ear infections (an increased incidence of ear infections has been linked to pacifier use).

Can pacifiers help prevent SIDS?

Have you heard in the news that pacifier use might help to prevent SIDS? Here's what the American Academy of Pediatrics says about this in their March 2000 Policy Statement Changing Concepts of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome: Implications for Infant Sleeping Environment and Sleep Position:

Four recent studies have reported a substantially lower SIDS incidence among infants who used pacifiers than among infants who do not. Although this association has been strong and consistent, it does not prove that pacifier use prevents SIDS. Mechanisms by which pacifiers might protect against SIDS have been proposed, such as stinting of the upper airway, but data are lacking to demonstrate that any of them are relevant to SIDS. Conversely, other studies have demonstrated that pacifier use can be linked to a shortened duration of breastfeeding, increased susceptibility to otitis media, and increased dental malocclusion. The Task Force believes that additional outcome studies are required before a specific recommendation about pacifiers can be made.

In conclusion...

As long as you keep the above in mind and only use a pacifier sparingly, it is up to you whether and when you wish to comfort baby yourself or with a pacifier. However, keep in mind that there is no scientific evidence that suggests that babies have a need to suck independant of the need for food. When a baby is indicating a sucking need, it's generally best that baby be encouraged to nurse, especially if there is a weight gain concern. The breast was the first pacifier and in most cases remains the best.

My baby is fussy! Is something wrong?

What is normal baby fussiness?

Whether breastfed or formula fed, during their first few months, many babies have a regular fussy period, which usually occurs in the late afternoon or evening. Some babies' fussy periods come so regularly that parents can set their clocks by it! The standard infant fussiness usually starts at about 2 to 3 weeks, peaks at 6 weeks and is gone by 3 to 4 months. It lasts on "average" 2 to 4 hours per day. Of course, there is a wide variety of normal.

To distinguish between "normal" and a problem, normal usually occurs around the same time of day, with approximately the same intensity (with some variation); responds to some of the same things each time, such as motion, holding, frequent breastfeeding, etc.; and occurs in a baby who has other times of the day that he is contentedly awake or asleep. Normal fussiness tends to occur during the time of the day that the baby usually stays awake more, the most common time is in the evening right before the time that the baby takes his longest stretch of sleep.

What causes babies to be fussy?

If you feel that your baby's fussiness is not normal, it's never a bad idea to get baby checked by the doctor to rule out any illness. A common cause of fussy, colic-like symptoms in babies is foremilk-hindmilk imbalance (also called oversupply syndrome, too much milk, etc.) and/or forceful let-down. Other causes of fussiness in babies include diaper rash, thrush, food sensitivities, nipple confusion, low milk supply, etc.

Babies normally fuss for many reasons: overtiredness, overstimulation, loneliness, discomfort, etc. Babies are often very fussy when they are going through growth spurts. Do know that it is normal for you to be "beside yourself" when your baby cries: you actually have a hormonal response that makes you feel uncomfortable when your baby cries.

Comfort measures for fussy babies (many fit into several different categories)

Basic needs	Nurse Burp baby Change his diaper Undress baby completely to make sure no clothing is "sticking" him
Comforting Touch	Hold baby Carry baby in a sling Give baby a back rub Carry baby in the "colic hold" (lying across your forearm, tummy down, with your hand supporting his chest) Lay baby across your lap & gently rub his back while slowly lifting & lowering your heels Lay baby tummy-down on the bed or floor and gently pat his back Massage your baby
Reduce stimulation	Swaddle baby Dim lights and reduce noise
Comforting Sounds	Play some music (try different styles and types of voices to see which baby prefers) Sing to baby Turn on some "white noise" (fan, vacuum cleaner, dishwasher)
Rhythmic motion / change of pace	Nurse baby in motion (while walking around or rocking) Give baby a bath Rock baby Hold baby and gently bounce, sway back and forth or dance Put baby in a sling or baby carrier and walk around inside or outside Put baby in a baby swing (if he's old enough) Take baby outside to look at the trees Take baby for a walk in the stroller Go for a car ride Set baby in a baby carrier (or car seat) on the dryer with the dryer turned on (stand by him, as the vibration can bounce the seat right off the dryer onto the floor)

One of the most interesting things I've seen in the research regarding infant fussiness is that almost anything a parent tries to reduce fussiness will work, but only for a short time (a few days), and then other strategies need to be used.

If you nurse and it doesn't seem to help, then try other comfort measures. If you pick him up or nurse him, and baby is content, then that was what he needed. If it works, use it!

I'm worried about spoiling my baby

Your baby will not be spoiled if you hold him and nurse him often - quite the opposite, in fact. Studies have shown that when babies are held often and responded to quickly, the babies cry less, and the parents learn to read baby's cues more quickly. A young child's need for his mother is very intense - as intense as his need for food. Know that your child really needs you. It is not about manipulation or something you can "fix" with the right discipline. Often a baby who is perceived as fussy is simply a baby who needs more contact with mom (and is smart enough to express this need) and is content once his needs are met. See the links below to read more about spoiling.

Conclusion

Caring for a fussy baby can be very stressful! Give both yourself and baby some extra TLC. Surround yourself with supportive people, de-stress in other areas if possible (for example, minimize housework), and tell yourself you are doing a great job. It is very difficult to feel good about yourself as a parent when you have a fussy baby. Don't be too alarmed if your efforts seem to have no positive effect - they are. When you stay with your baby to try to provide comfort you are beginning to teach your baby that he can count on you and that he is loved.

Breastfeeding and Vaccines

Vaccines in general

Breastfeeding does not affect the safety of vaccinations for mom or baby.

Although breastfeeding passes many immune factors to baby, breastfeeding should not be considered a substitute for immunization. Research indicates that when breastfed babies are vaccinated, they will produce higher levels of antibodies in comparison to formula fed babies.

According to the US Centers for Disease Control document General Recommendations on Immunization (February 8, 2002) [PDF version for printing]:

"Neither inactivated nor live vaccines administered to a lactating woman affect the safety of breast-feeding for mothers or infants. Breast-feeding does not adversely affect immunization and is not a contraindication for any vaccine. Limited data indicate that breast-feeding can enhance the response to certain vaccine antigens. Breast-fed infants should be vaccinated according to routine recommended schedules.

"Although live vaccines multiply within the mother's body, the majority have not been demonstrated to be excreted in human milk. Although rubella vaccine virus might be excreted in human milk, the virus usually does not infect the infant. If infection does occur, it is well-tolerated because the viruses are attenuated. Inactivated, recombinant, subunit, polysaccharide, conjugate vaccines and toxoids pose no risk for mothers who are breast-feeding or for their infants."

Information on specific vaccines

Anthrax Vaccine

Per the US Centers for Disease Control document Use of Anthrax Vaccine in the United States (December 15, 2000):

"No data suggest increased risk for side effects or temporally related adverse events associated with receipt of anthrax vaccine by breast-feeding women or breast-fed children. Administration of nonlive vaccines (e.g., anthrax vaccine) during breast-feeding is not medically contraindicated."

CDC Update: Interim Recommendations for Antimicrobial Prophylaxis for Children and Breastfeeding Mothers and Treatment of Children with Anthrax (November 16, 2001) discusses the use of antibiotics for prevention of anthrax in breastfeeding mothers and children.

Chicken Pox Vaccine

“Whether attenuated vaccine VZV is excreted in human milk and, if so, whether the infant could be infected are not known. Most live vaccines have not been demonstrated to be secreted in breast milk. Attenuated rubella vaccine virus has been detected in breast milk but has produced only asymptomatic infection in the nursing infant. Therefore, varicella vaccine may be considered for a nursing mother.” ACIP, Prevention of Varicella, pp. 19-20.

Is it necessary to wean before getting the chicken pox vaccine? by Debbi Donovan, IBCLC

Flu Vaccine

Many moms wonder specifically about the flu vaccine. This, like other vaccines, can be administered to nursing mothers. According to Prevention and Control of Influenza: Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP), from the US Centers for Disease Control:

"Influenza vaccine does not affect the safety of mothers who are breastfeeding or their infants. Breastfeeding does not adversely affect the immune response and is not a contraindication for vaccination."

There are currently two forms of the flu vaccine:

The intranasal (nasal mist) form of the influenza vaccine (trade-name FluMist™) is an attenuated (weakened) live vaccine. It is approved for use only in healthy people between the ages of 5 and 49 years. Per the CDC, "The current estimated risk of getting infected with vaccine virus after close contact with a person vaccinated with the nasal-spray flu vaccine is low (0.6%-2.4%)."
The standard, injectable form of the flu vaccine is an inactivated (killed) vaccine.

The CDC indicates that either form of the vaccine is acceptable for a breastfeeding mother, as long as she otherwise meets requirements for receiving the vaccine.

US Centers for Disease Control has general information on the current Flu Season and the CDC maintains a Weekly Flu Map for the US.

Pre-Menstrual Syndrome Medications & Breastfeeding

Following is a list of active ingredients for various PMS medications:

	Acetaminophen	Caffeine	Ibuprofen	Pamabrom	Pyrilamine maleate
	AAP- Approved*	AAP-Approved*	AAP-Approved*
Midol Menstrual Complete	500 mg	60 mg	-	-	15 mg
Midol Pre-Menstrual Syndrome	500 mg	-	-	25 mg	15 mg
Midol Cramp & Body Aches	-	-	200 mg	-	-
Midol Teen Formula	500 mg	-	-	25 mg	-
Pamprin Multi-Symptom	500 mg	-	-	25 mg	15 mg
Premsyn PMS	500 mg	-	-	25 mg	15 mg
* Per the AAP Policy Statement The Transfer of Drugs and Other Chemicals Into Human Milk, revised September 2001. Sources: midol.com (12/22/03) drugstore.com (12/22/03)

Acetaminophen and ibuprofen (pain relievers) and caffeine (a stimulant) are all approved by the AAP for use in breastfeeding mothers.

The other two drugs - pamabrom and pyrilamine maleate - are diuretics.

I have been unable to locate specific information regarding pyrilamine with regards to breastfeeding, but this medication is an antihistamine used directly in pediatrics (in some pediatric cold medications).

Pamabrom is a very mild diuretic - many pharmacists and lactation professionals consider small amounts of this drug to be safe for nursing mothers.

Pain Medications and Breastfeeding

Info on selected pain medications

The information summarized below is only a general overview of selected pain medications. For detailed information on the specific drugs or for information on drugs not listed here, please review the references listed below with your health care provider.

Info on selected medications used for pain relief

Name of medication

AAP approved?*

Pregnancy Risk Category**

Lactation Risk Category**

Notes

Acetaminophen
(Tylenol)

Approved

Aspirin

Caution

C (1st, 2nd trim.)
D (3rd trim.)

Azapropazone
(Rheumox)

Approved

Butalbital
(Fioricet, Fiorinal, Bancap, Two-dyne)

Butorphanol
(Stadol)

Approved

B (1st, 2nd trim.)
D (3rd trim.)

Celecoxib
(Celebrex) (FDA safety info)

Codeine
(in Tylenol #3, #4)

Approved

Colchicine

Approved

Diclofenac
(Cataflam, Voltaren)

Fentanyl
(Sublimaze)

Approved

Flurbiprofen
(Ansaid, Froben, Ocufen)

B (1st, 2nd trim.)
C (3rd trim.)

Hydrocodone
(Lortab, Vicodin)

Hydromorphone
(Dilaudid)

Ibuprofen
(Advil, Nuprin, Motrin, Pediaprofen)

Approved

B (1st, 2nd trim.)
D (3rd trim.)

Indomethacin
(Indocin)

Approved

B (1st, 2nd trim.)
D (3rd trim.)

Ketorolac
(Toradol, Acular)

Approved

B (1st, 2nd trim.)
D (3rd trim.)

Meperidine
(Demerol)

Approved

L2;
L3 early postpartum

Methadone
(Dolophine)

Approved

Morphine
(Duramorph, Infumorph, Epimorph, MS Contin)

Approved

Nalbuphine
(Nubain)

Naproxen
(Anaprox, Naprosyn, Naproxen, Aleve)

Approved

L3;
L4 for chronic use

Nefopam
(Acupan)

Approved

Oxycodone
(Tylox, Percodan,Oxycontin, Roxicet, Endocet, Roxiprin, Percocet)

Pentosan polysulfate
(Elmiron)

Piroxicam
(Feldene)

Approved

Propoxyphene
(Darvocet N, Propacet, Darvon)

Approved

Rofecoxib
(Vioxx)

Withdrawn from the market

Secobarbital
(Seconal)

Approved

Tolmetin
(Tolectin)

Approved

Tramadol HCL
(Ultram, Ultracet)

Valdecoxib
(Bextra) (FDA safety info)

Withdrawn from the market

* Per the AAP Policy Statement The Transfer of Drugs and Other Chemicals Into Human Milk, revised September 2001.

Approved: (Table 6) Maternal Medication Usually Compatible With Breastfeeding
Caution: (Table 5) Drugs That Have Been Associated With Significant Effects on Some Nursing Infants and Should Be Given to Nursing Mothers With Caution
NR: Not Reviewed. This drug has not yet been reviewed by the AAP.

** Per Medications' and Mothers' Milk by Thomas Hale, PhD (2004 edition).

Lactation Risk Categories	Pregnancy Risk Categories
L1 (safest) L2 (safer) L3 (moderately safe) L4 (possibly hazardous) L5 (contraindicated)	A (controlled studies show no risk) B (no evidence of risk in humans) C (risk cannot be ruled out) D (positive evidence of risk) X (contraindicated in pregnancy)
NR: Not Reviewed. This drug has not yet been reviewed by Hale.

Aspirin use is discouraged in children and nursing mothers due to the risk of Reye's syndrome and internal bleeding.
Fioricet (Fiorinal, Bancap, Two-dyne) contains acetaminaphen or asprin, caffeine, and butalbital. Per Hale, baby should be observed for sedation.
Hale suggests weakened or premature infants be observed for sedation and apnea.
Hale suggests newborns be observed for sedation, apnea, constipation.
Per Hale, use of frequent, higher dose may result in infant sedation.
Per Hale, Meperidine use during labor or early postpartum has been associated with sedation, poor sucking reflex, and neurobehavioral delay in infants.
Per Hale, observe infant for sedation, respiratory depression, addiction, withdrawal syndrome.
Per Hale, higher doses may result in infant sedation.
Per Hale, should be used with caution due to its long half-life and its effect on baby's cardiovascular system, kidneys and GI tract; short-term, infrequent or occasional use is not necessarily incompatible with breastfeeding.
Roxicet, Endocet, Roxiprin, Percocet also contain acetaminophen. Per Hale, observe infant for sedation.
Per Hale, observe infant for sedation.
Per Hale, observe infant for GI cramping, distress, diarrhea.
Per Hale, observe infant for sedation.
Per Hale, observe infant for sedation.

Mom and Baby Articles

November 23, 2007

Infant Potty Training

Tips for juggling a newborn and toddler

What can I do to prepare my older child for a new baby?

Should breastfeeding be "hidden" from your older child or other children?

General tips

Activities to do with your older child while baby is nursing

If you need a nap and your toddler doesn't

What if your older child asks to nurse?

What should I know about giving my breastfed baby a pacifier?

My baby is fussy! Is something wrong?

Breastfeeding and Vaccines

Breastfeeding and Vaccines

See also:

Pre-Menstrual Syndrome Medications & Breastfeeding

Pain Medications and Breastfeeding

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